The politics of precaution in the United States and the European union     

《Global Environmental Change》2001,11(2):175-180

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Laboratory experiments for wave motions and turbulence flows in front of a breakwater     

《Coastal Engineering》2001,44(2):117-139

In this paper, laboratory data for free surface displacements and velocity fields in front of a caisson breakwater covered with wave-dissipating blocks, together with wave pressures acting on the caisson, are presented and discussed. The core of the breakwater is made of a concrete caisson with a vertical front wall. The caisson is protected by a thick layer of tetrapods and is supported by a rubble mound. The breakwater is placed on the 1/25 impermeable slope. Two types of incident waves are used in the experiments: nonbreaking waves and spilling-type breaking waves. In the breaking wave case, the incident wave breaks offshore before it reaches the breakwater. The velocity data are obtained by using both the Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) and the Electromagnetic Current Meter (EMCM). The raw data are analyzed using a numerical-filtering scheme so that turbulent fluctuations are separated from the phase-dependent wave motions. The vertical profiles of the time-averaged (over a wave period) turbulent velocity components at several vertical cross-sections in front of the breakwater are then analyzed. The spatial variations of the time-averaged turbulence velocity suggest that turbulence is generated inside the protective armor layer and transported into the flow region in front of the breakwater. The wave pressures on the vertical face and on the bottom of the caisson are also reported.  相似文献   

5.12 Water,education and training: Rapporteurs: Stefan Nijwening,Javier Jarquin. Participants: 130     

《Water Policy》2001

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The distribution of velocity and energy of saltating sand grains in a wind tunnel     

《Geomorphology》2001,36(3-4):155-165

Sand transport by wind is a special case of two-phase flow of gas and solids, with saltating grains accounting for about 75% of the transport rate. This form of flow is not only the main external agent moulding aeolian landforms but also the motive force responsible for transport, sorting and deposition of aeolian sediments. High-speed multiflash photography is an effective method of studying the distribution of velocity and energy of saltating grains within the boundary layer of wind tunnel. The experimental wind shear velocities were set at 0.63, 0.64, 0.74 and 0.81 ms⁻¹. The statistical study of the results showed that there is a power function relation between mean velocity and height of saltating grains. As the height is divided into 0.5-cm intervals, the sand grain velocities at various levels are consistent with the Pearson VII distribution pattern. The variations in kinetic energy and total energy of sand grains with height accord with the pulse peak modified with power term (Pulsepow) law; the maximum values occur at heights of 6 cm or so and tend to shift upward with increasing wind velocity.  相似文献   

The ecological footprint: a non-monetary metric of human consumption applied to North America     

《Global Environmental Change》2003,13(2):83-100

This paper employs ecological footprint analysis as a potential non-monetary metric of human consumption and ecological productivity in a simulation-modeling framework, applied to North America. The ecological footprint provides an indirect basis for considering the long-term ecological risk and sustainability of human settlements, regions or, in this case, a continent. We examine several scenarios for human consumption, ecological productivity and material efficiency, to explore which variables have influence on the ecological budget of North America over the coming century. Only one scenario, which assumes considerable reductions in human consumption, is likely to yield an ecological surplus. Unlike monetary measures of societal well-being, ecological footprint analysis shows that increased economic activity and consumption creates deficits in terms of the balance of ecological productivity and consumption in a region, and may reduce long-term ecological sustainability. Several advantages and disadvantages of this metric are discussed.  相似文献   

Priority problems facing the global marine and coastal environment and recommended approaches to their solution     

《Ocean & Coastal Management》2003,46(5):479-485

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A comparative study of energy performance of hydrostatic seafloor sediment samplers and a new high-efficiency sampler     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

The hydrostatic energy of high-pressure seawater is a renewable and green energy source for ocean exploration and have been used to replace underwater electrical energy transmission through the cable and underwater battery pack to power seafloor equipment. The advantage of the energy supply method is the cost-effective and the robustness. In the paper, the energy performance of the existing hydrostatic seafloor sediment samplers powered by seawater hydrostatic energy are modelled and analyzed and compared. In view of the common shortcoming of existing technology, a novel hydrostatic seafloor sediment sampler is proposed. The model of energy conversion of the new sampler is built, and its energy performance is obtained. The analysis results indicate that the energy conversion efficiency of the novel sediment sampler is much higher than the existing ones, which means that the new sampler can collect much longer sample with the limited amount of hydrostatic energy. The seawater hydrostatic energy conversion system of the new sampler can also be used to power other seafloor equipment.  相似文献   

利用卷积神经网络进行绝缘子自动定位          下载免费PDF全文

彭向阳  刘洋  王柯  张泊宇  钱金菊  陈驰  杨必胜 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2019,44(4):563-569

提出一种基于二值化赋范梯度特征和卷积神经网络的航空影像绝缘子自动定位方法。首先利用二值化赋范梯度分类器提取绝缘子候选窗口，而后利用卷积神经网络算法进行精细识别，获得包含绝缘子目标的窗口集，最后对高重叠度窗口集进行加权迭代合并得到最终绝缘子定位结果。采用广东电网大型无人机实际线路巡检获取的可见光影像对自动定位算法进行验证，实验结果表明，在复杂背景下绝缘子整体回调率为90.5%，定位精度为92%，证明该方法能够对复杂背景下可见光影像中的绝缘子进行有效识别定位，且算法通用性较强，可适应不同背景的可见光影像。  相似文献   

Temporal variation of modulated-wave-train geometries and their influence on vertical bending moments of a container ship     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

A towing experiment was conducted using a modulated wave train to investigate the vertical bending responses of a hydro-structural container ship model. In the experiment, a spatially periodic modulated wave train, as a model of a freak wave in successive high waves mimicking the so-called three sisters, was generated by the recently established higher-order spectral method wave generation (HOSM-WG) method. HOSM-WG enables us to control the location and timing of the maximum crest height in a wave tank. With precise control of the towing carriage, an experiment was conducted in which the timing of the encounters between the ship model and the modulated wave train was accurately determined. The maximum sagging moment (SM) was found to increase in proportion with the encounter wave height. However, because of differences in the relative depth of the fore and aft troughs, the maximum SM is highly variable for a given wave height. The temporal wave-geometry evolution caused the relative trough-depth to vary significantly within a wave period in the vicinity of the maximum crest height. As a result, depending on the encounter timing, the SM varied considerably for a given wave height. The temporal variation of the wave geometry is a robust feature of a modulated wave train and is common between the spatially periodic and temporally periodic modulated wave trains.  相似文献   

基于矩估计法的P范分布参数估计          下载免费PDF全文

潘雄  罗静  刘衍宏  韦忠扬  徐景田 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2017,42(4):563-568

P范分布的参数估计值的精度对观测值的估计效率和数据处理的精度影响较大。从观测值分布的实际情况和简化运算出发,引入二/四阶矩估计方法估计P范分布的形状参数和方差,给出了二/四阶矩估计法的形状参数的近似计算式。为了进一步提高估计效率,引入对数期望矩估计法,将绝对矩与对数绝对矩相结合,导出了基于对数期望矩估计法的P范分布形状参数p、方差σ的合理估计表达式。最后利用两组模拟数据对该模型和计算方法的正确性进行了验证,并与传统极大似然估计方法进行了对比分析。结果表明,当样本数较少时,二/四阶矩估计法和对数期望矩估计法在收敛性、稳定性和准确性等方面优于极大似然估计法。  相似文献